Bagamoyo Old city

Mji wa Bagamoyo, Tanzania, ilianzishwa mwishoni mwa karne ya 18. Ilikuwa (pia yameandikwa Bagamojo) mji mkuu wa awali wa Ujerumani Afrika Mashariki na alikuwa mmoja wa bandari muhimu zaidi ya biashara katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Leo mji una wakazi 30,000 na ni mji mkuu wa Wilaya ya Bagamoyo, hivi karibuni kuwa kuchukuliwa kama tovuti ya urithi wa dunia.EneoBagamoyo iko katika 6 ° 26'S 38 ° 54'E. Ni uongo 75 km kaskazini ya Dar es Salaam katika pwani ya Bahari ya Hindi, karibu na kisiwa cha Zanzibar.Bagamoyo ni muhimu zaidi ya biashara entrepot ya mashariki ya kati ya pwani ya Afrika mwishoni mwa karne ya 19. Historia ya Bagamoyo imekuwa kusukumwa na wafanyabiashara ya Hindi na Kiarabu, na serikali ya Ujerumani wa kikoloni na kwa Mkristowamisionari.

Bagamoyo ni muhimu zaidi ya biashara entrepot ya mashariki ya kati ya pwani ya Afrika mwishoni mwa karne ya 19. Historia ya Bagamoyo imekuwa kusukumwa na wafanyabiashara ya Hindi na Kiarabu, na serikali ya Ujerumani wa kikoloni na kwa wamisionari wa kikristo.Kuhusu 5 km kusini ya Bagamoyo, magofu ya Kaole pamoja na mabaki ya misikiti miwili na michache ya makaburi inaweza tarehe nyuma ya karne ya 13, kuonyesha umuhimu wa Uislamu katika nyakati hizo mapema Bagamoyo.Kaole magofu ya Bagamoyo, TanzaniaMpaka katikati ya karne ya 18, Bagamoyo ilikuwa ndogo na biashara ya kituo cha insignificant ambapo zaidi ya idadi ya watu walikuwa wavuvi na wakulima. kuu biashara ya bidhaa walikuwa samaki, chumvi, na gum, pamoja na mambo mengine.

Historia kwa ufupi kuhusu Bagamoyo.Mwishoni mwa karne ya 18 familia Muslim makazi katika Bagamoyo, wote ambao walikuwa ndugu wa Shamvi la Magimba ya Oman. Wao na maisha yao kwa kulazimisha kodi ya idadi ya watu asili na kwa biashara ya chumvi, zilizokusanywa kutoka Nunge pwani ya kaskazini ya Bagamoyo. Katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya 19, Bagamoyo kuwa bandari ya biashara kwa pembe na biashara ya watumwa, na wafanyabiashara kutoka mambo ya ndani ya Afrika, kutoka maeneo ya mbali kama Morogoro, Ziwa Tanganyika na Usambara njiani kwenda Zanzibar. Hii inaeleza maana ya neno Bagamoyo ("bwaga-Moyo") ambayo ina maana ya "Lay chini ya Moyo wako" katika Kiswahili. Ni haijulikani kama hii ina maana ya biashara ya watumwa ambayo kupita kwa njia ya mji (yaani "kutoa juu ya matumaini yote") au kwa mabawabu ambao ulipatikana katika Bagamoyo baada ya kutimiza cargos lb 35 juu ya mabega yao kutoka kanda ya Maziwa Makuu (yaani "kuchukua mzigo mbali na kupumzika "). Kwa kuwa kuna ushahidi mdogo kusaidia kwamba Bagamoyo ilikuwa kubwa mtumwa bandari (Kilwa, kiasi kusini zaidi, imeleta hali hiyo), na kwamba makumi ya maelfu ya mabawabu walifika Bagamoyo kila mwaka katika nusu ya mwisho ya karne ya 19, ni zaidi ya uwezekano kwamba jina la mji hupata kutoka tafsiri za mwisho.

Biashara ya watumwa katika Afrika ya Mashariki ilikuwa rasmi marufuku kwa mwaka 1873, lakini iliendelea kindanindani vizuri hadi mwisho wa karne ya 19.

People of my Country and Social Organization

PEOPLE
Tanzania’s population is concentrated along the coast and isles, the fertile northern and southern highlands, and the lands bordering Lake Victoria. The relatively arid and less fertile central region is sparsely inhabited. So too is much of the fertile and well watered far west, including the shores of Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa (Malawi). About 80% of Tanzanians live in rural communities.

Zanzibar, population about 1.3 million (3% of Tanzania’s population), consists of two main islands and several small ones just off the Tanzanian coast. The two largest islands are Unguja (often referred to simply as Zanzibar) and Pemba. Zanzibaris, together with their socio-linguistic cousins in the Comoros Islands and the East Africa coast from modern-day southern Somalia to northern Mozambique, created Swahili culture and language, which reflect long and close associations with other parts of Africa and with the Arab world, Persia, and South Asia.

Tanzanians are proud of their strong sense of national identity and commitment to Swahili as the national language. There are roughly 120 ethnic communities in the country representing several of Africa’s main socio-linguistic groups.

 Social Organization

  

Before colonial invasion, the indigenous people had built up formidable political systems and institutions. These were either kingdoms, chief-doms or social orders such as the Maasai Age-set rule. The Nyamwezi people under chief Mirambo, the Hehe under chief Mkwawa and a series of kingdoms among the Chagga and the Haya people are some of such developments recorded.

It is from some of these institutions that resistance to colonial domination, subjugation and exploitation emerged from late 19^th century to the 20^th century. For instance, in 1905-7, through the famous "Majimaji War" the people in the Southern part of Tanzania took up arms and fought the German rulers there. Helped by the world wars, eventually, the local people kicked the Germans out of Tanganyika. Traces of historic exotic artifacts have been made as evidences of the interactions between Tanzanians and the rest of the world societies. The Periplus of the Erythrean sea, for instance, puts clear the record that the East African coast had strong political developments.

Further Arabian influence in the country is recorded since the 7^th century after the Birth of Christ. The occupation of the Isles and the Coastal areas by Asian societies did culminate in a systematic inhuman slave trade. Tired of cosmetic political changes in Zanzibar, the "Zenj" people evicted the Arabian rulers in 1964 through an armed revolution.

Similarly, after a protracted occupation by the unsuspecting traders, explorers and missionaries from Europe since the 15^th Century Tanzania found itself being subjected to systematic colonial domination by Germany and Great Britain at different times before 1961. The Great Berlin conference of 1884 was the springboard of all what had happened for subjugating Tanzania and Africa.

                                                                                           Chagga society in a market

During the domination of Tanzania by Germans, British and Arabs, the indigenous people were decimated, lost their destiny and cultural identity, were economically exploited and their technology disrupted. However, the worst evil of all committed by colonialists has been their wishful intent to discourage individual initiative to venture, discover, make attempts and to fabricate. The outcome is the current dependency status!

As early as 1950's different, but very interesting forms of modern struggles for independence were being created. For example by 1954 the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), a political party already was a force to reckon with under the able leadership of Julius Kambarage. Nyerere. It is under the same political party that Tanzania got rid of British domination in 1961. In Zanzibar, the Afro Shirazi Party emerged late in the 1950's and toppled the Arab rule on the island in 1964. Tanganyika and Zanzibar United in that year to form the United Republic of Tanzania.

Early History

 Early History

Most of the known history of Tanganyika before 1964 concerns the coastal area, although the interior has a number of important prehistoric sites, including the Olduvai Gorge. Trading contacts between Arabia and the East African coast existed by the 1st century AD, and there are indications of connections with India. The coastal trading centres were mainly Arab settlements, and relations between the Arabs and their African neighbours appear to have been fairly friendly. After the arrival of the Portuguese in the late 15th century, the position of the Arabs was gradually undermined, but the Portuguese made little attempt to penetrate into the interior. They lost their foothold north of the Ruvuma River early in the 18th century as a result of an alliance between the coastal Arabs and the ruler of Muscat on the Arabian Peninsula. This link remained extremely tenuous, however, until French interest in the slave trade from the ancient town of Kilwa, on the Tanganyikan coast, revived the trade in 1776. Attention by the French also aroused the sultan of Muscat's interest in the economic possibilities of the East African coast, and a new Omani governor was appointed at Kilwa. For some time most of the slaves came from the Kilwa hinterland, and until the 19th century such contacts as existed between the coast and the interior were due mainly to African caravans from the interior.

In their constant search for slaves, Arab traders began to penetrate farther into the interior, more particularly in the southeast toward Lake Nyasa. Farther north two merchants from India followed the tribal trade routes to reach the country of the Nyamwezi about 1825. Along this route ivory appears to have been as great an attraction as slaves, and Sa'id bin Sultan himself, after the transfer of his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, gave every encouragement to the Arabs to pursue these trading possibilities. From the Nyamwezi country the Arabs pressed on to Lake Tanganyika in the early 1840s. Tabora (or Kazé, as it was then called) and Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, became important trading centres, and a number of Arabs made their homes there. They did not annex these territories but occasionally ejected hostile chieftains. Mirambo, an African chief who built for himself a temporary empire to the west of Tabora in the 1860s and '70s, effectively blocked the Arab trade routes when they refused to pay him tribute. His empire was purely a personal one, however, and collapsed on his death in 1884.

The first Europeans to show an interest in Tanganyika in the 19th century were missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann, who in the late 1840s reached Kilimanjaro. It was a fellow missionary, Jakob Erhardt, whose famous "slug" map (showing, on Arab information, a vast, shapeless, inland lake) helped stimulate the interest of the British explorers Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke. They traveled from Bagamoyo to Lake Tanganyika in 1857-58, and Speke also saw Lake Victoria. This expedition was followed by Speke's second journey, in 1860, in the company of J.A. Grant, to justify the former's claim that the Nile rose in Lake Victoria. These primarily geographic explorations were followed by the activities of David Livingstone, who in 1866 set out on his last journey for Lake Nyasa. Livingstone's object was to expose the horrors of the slave trade and, by opening up legitimate trade with the interior, to destroy the slave trade at its roots. Livingstone's journey led to the later expeditions of H.M. Stanley and V.L. Cameron. Spurred on by Livingstone's work and example, a number of missionary societies began to take an interest in East Africa after 1860.

Understand Geography of Tanzania

Geography of the country

Tanzania has a varied geography, including deep and large freshwater and salt lakes, many national parks, and Africa's highest point, Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m/19,341 ft).

Northeast Tanzania is mountainous and includes Mount Meru, an active volcano, Mount Kilimanjaro, a dormant volcano, and the Usambara and Pare mountain ranges. Kilimanjaro attracts thousands of tourists each year.

West of those mountains is the Gregory Rift, which is the eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley. On the floor of the rift are a number of large salt lakes, including Natron in the north, Manyara in the south, and Eyasi in the southwest. The rift also encompasses the Crater Highlands, which includes the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the Ngorongoro Crater. Just to the south of Lake Natron is Old Doinyo Lengai (2,980 m/9,777 ft), the world's only active volcano to produce natrocarbonatite lava. To the west of the Crater Highlands lies Serengeti National Park, which is famous for its lions, leopards, elephants, rhinoceroses, and buffalo plus the annual migration of millions of white bearded wildebeest. Just to the southeast of the park is Olduvai Gorge, where many of the oldest hominid fossils and artifacts have been found.

Further northwest is Lake Victoria on the Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania border. This is the largest lake in Africa by surface area and is traditionally named as the source of the Nile River. Southwest of this, separating Tanzania from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is Lake Tanganyika. This lake is estimated to be the second deepest lake in the world after Lake Baikal in Siberia. The western portion of the country between Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi consists of flat land that has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands ecoregion. Just upstream from the Kalambo Falls, which is in Zambia, there is one of the most important archaeological sites in Africa.

The centre of Tanzania is a large plateau, which is part of the East African Plateau. The southern half of this plateau is grassland within the Eastern Miombo woodlands ecoregion, the majority of which is covered by the huge Selous National Park. Further north the plateau is arable land and includes the national capital, Dodoma.

The eastern coast contains Tanzania's largest city and former capital, Dar es Salaam. Just north of this city lies the Zanzibar Archipelago, a semi-autonomous territory of Tanzania which is famous for its spices. The coast is home to areas of East African mangroves, mangrove swamps that are an important habitat for wildlife on land and in the water.

Administratively, Tanzania is divided into 30 regions, with 25 on the mainland, 3 on Zanzibar Island, and 2 on Pemba.

 Climate

Tanzania has a tropical climate. In the highlands, temperatures range between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F) during cold and hot seasons respectively. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than 20 °C (68 °F). The hottest period extends between November and February (25–31 °C / 77–87.8 °F) while the coldest period occurs between May and August (15–20 °C / 59–68 °F).

Tanzania has two major rainfall regions. One is uni-modal (December - April) and the other is bimodal (October -December and March - May). The former is experienced in southern, south-west, central and western parts of the country, and the latter is found to the north and northern coast.

In the bimodal regime the March - May rains are referred to as the long rains or Masika, whereas the October - December rains are generally known as short rains or Vuli.

Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique.

Geographic coordinates: 6°00′S 35°00′E.